释放性能：深入剖析 Python 的描述符协议，实现对象属性访问

            class User:
    def __init__(self, name, email):
        self._name = name
        self._email = email

    @property
    def name(self):
        print("Getting name...")
        return self._name

    @name.setter
    def name(self, value):
        print(f"Setting name to {value}...")
        if not isinstance(value, str) or not value:
            raise ValueError("Name must be a non-empty string")
        self._name = value

    @property
    def email(self):
        return self._email

# Usage
user = User("Alice", "alice@example.com")
print(user.name)       # Calls the getter
user.name = "Bob"      # Calls the setter
# user.email = "new@example.com" # This would raise an AttributeError as there's no setter

            

              
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            class ConfigurationManager:
    _instance = None

    def __init__(self):
        self.settings = {}

    @classmethod
    def get_instance(cls):
        if cls._instance is None:
            cls._instance = cls()
        return cls._instance

    @staticmethod
    def validate_setting(key, value):
        # Basic validation logic
        if not isinstance(key, str) or not key:
            return False
        return True

# Usage
config = ConfigurationManager.get_instance() # Calls classmethod
print(ConfigurationManager.validate_setting("timeout", 60)) # Calls staticmethod

            

              
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            # Simplified example inspired by ORM concepts
class AttributeDescriptor:
    def __init__(self, column_name):
        self.column_name = column_name
        self.storage = {}

    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        if instance is None:
            return self # Accessing on class
        return self.storage.get(self.column_name)

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        self.storage[self.column_name] = value

class User:
    username = AttributeDescriptor("username")
    email = AttributeDescriptor("email")

    def __init__(self, username, email):
        self.username = username
        self.email = email

# Usage
user1 = User("global_user_1", "global1@example.com")
print(user1.username) # Accesses __get__ on AttributeDescriptor
user1.username = "updated_user"
print(user1.username)

# Note: In a real ORM, storage would interact with a database.

            

              
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            class CurrencyField:
    def __init__(self, currency_code='USD'):
        self.currency_code = currency_code
        self._data = {}

    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        if instance is None:
            return self
        amount = self._data.get('amount', 0)
        # In a real scenario, exchange rates would be fetched dynamically
        exchange_rate = {'USD': 1.0, 'EUR': 0.92, 'JPY': 150.5}
        return amount * exchange_rate.get(self.currency_code, 1.0)

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        # Assume value is always in USD for simplicity
        if not isinstance(value, (int, float)) or value < 0:
            raise ValueError("Amount must be a non-negative number.")
        self._data['amount'] = value

class Product:
    price = CurrencyField()
    eur_price = CurrencyField(currency_code='EUR')
    jpy_price = CurrencyField(currency_code='JPY')

    def __init__(self, price_usd):
        self.price = price_usd # Sets the base USD price

# Usage
product = Product(100) # Initial price is $100
print(f"Price in USD: {product.price:.2f}")
print(f"Price in EUR: {product.eur_price:.2f}")
print(f"Price in JPY: {product.jpy_price:.2f}")

product.price = 200 # Update base price
print(f"Updated Price in EUR: {product.eur_price:.2f}")

            

              
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            class MyDescriptor:
    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        print("Descriptor __get__ called")
        return "from descriptor"

class MyClassWithSlots:
    my_attr = MyDescriptor()
    __slots__ = ('my_attr',)

    def __init__(self):
        # If my_attr were just a regular attribute, this would fail.
        # Because MyDescriptor is a descriptor, it intercepts the assignment.
        self.my_attr = "instance value"

instance = MyClassWithSlots()
print(instance.my_attr)

            

              
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            class LoggingDescriptor:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name
        self._data = {}

    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        print(f"Accessing {self.name}...")
        return self._data.get(self.name, None)

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        print(f"Setting {self.name} to {value}...")
        self._data[self.name] = value

class LoggableMetaclass(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, dct):
        for attr_name, attr_value in dct.items():
            # If it's a regular attribute, wrap it in a logging descriptor
            if not isinstance(attr_value, (staticmethod, classmethod)) and not attr_name.startswith('__'):
                dct[attr_name] = LoggingDescriptor(attr_name)
        return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, dct)

class UserProfile(metaclass=LoggableMetaclass):
    username = "default_user"
    age = 0

    def __init__(self, username, age):
        self.username = username
        self.age = age

# Usage
profile = UserProfile("global_user", 30)
print(profile.username) # Triggers __get__ from LoggingDescriptor
profile.age = 31        # Triggers __set__ from LoggingDescriptor

            

              
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